From voltages to ones and zeros.

Digital circuits treat voltage as just two states. All of computing is built on top of that one idea.

1. 1Binary & logic levelsHow circuits represent 1 and 0 as voltage bands, why VIH and VIL matter more than the rail, and what noise margin buys you.1 min read·3 questions
2. 2Logic gates, flip-flops & registersAND, OR, NOT and friends, how flip-flops add memory to combinational logic, and how registers group bits into something a bus can carry.1 min read·2 questions
3. 3Clocks & timingSetup and hold time, propagation delay, and clock skew: the timing budget that decides whether a synchronous design works at speed.1 min read·2 questions
4. 4Pull-ups, floating inputs & debouncingA floating input reads noise. Why pull-ups and pull-downs exist, how to size them, and why mechanical switches need debouncing.1 min read·2 questions
5. 5ADCs, DACs & serial busesConverting between analog and digital: resolution, sample rate and reference. Plus how I2C, SPI and UART actually move the resulting bits.1 min read·2 questions